The International Energy Agency expects an expansion of low-carbon fuels from a 1% weight in global final energy consumption in 2022 to almost 5% in 2030 under its net-zero emissions by 2050 scenario.

However, most low-emissions fuels are likely to remain more expensive than their fossil counterparts. For example, SAF is currently twice as expensive as conventional jet fuel. This means that any discussion of the role of low-carbon fuels should focus on credible emissions savings, particularly for those emissions-intensive segments of the economy where the technological and commercial feasibility of electrification remains unlikely or impossible.

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